Thursday, 9 June 2011
Champions league T20
Wednesday, 4 May 2011
Panchatantra
Arabic: Kalīlah wa Dimnah
Persian: Anvār-e Soheylī
And in Englishg as The Morall Philosophie of Doni In 1570. So the panchtanthra Has been translated into many, many other languages.
Saturday, 30 April 2011
The New Duke Of Cambridge: Hear his other titles!
" Baron Carrickfergus " is the other title Given to the Prince By th Queen. Ver y good name don't you think!Well, Traditionally, when male members of the royal family marry, they are Given a Peerge title. Carrickfergus is a barony In ireland. Also Kate Mideltoon will be The Countess of Strathearn and Baroness Carrickfergus respectievly. You Dont ahve to call her all the names, "His Royal Highness" or Your Royal Highness" Will be Enough!
Tuesday, 26 April 2011
Two bodies: for one sport!
Any way, here is a note of Futsal:
Futsal is actually a variant of association football that is played on a smaller playing surface and mainly played indoors. Its name is derived from the Portuguese futebol de salão and the Spanish fútbol de salón (colloquially fútbol sala), which can be translated as "hall football" or "indoor football". During the sport's second world championships held in Madrid in 1985, the name fútbol de salón was used. Since then, all other names have been officially and internationally changed to futsal.
Futsal is played between two teams each with five players, one of whom is the goalkeeper. Unlimited substitutes per team are permitted. Unlike some other forms of indoor football, the game is played on a hard court surface delimited by lines; walls or boards are not used. Futsal is also played with a smaller ball with less bounce than a regular football. The rules create an emphasis on improvisation, creativity and technique as well as ball control and passing in small spaces.
Sunday, 27 February 2011
Coups!
A-E
- Afghanistan in 1973 by Mohammed Daoud Khan against Mohammad Zahir Shah, King of Afghanistan
- Afghanistan in 1978 by Nur Muhammad Taraki against Mohammed Daoud Khan
- Afghanistan in 1979 by Hafizullah Amin against Nur Muhammad Taraki
- Afghanistan in 1979 by Babrak Karmal against Hafizullah Amin
- Algeria in 1965 by Houari Boumedienne against Ahmed Ben Bella
- Algeria in 1992 by Khaled Nezzar against Chadli Bendjedid
- Argentina on September 6, 1930 by José Félix Uriburu against Hipólito Yrigoyen
- Argentina in 1943 by Arturo Rawson against Ramón Castillo
- Argentina in 1955 by Eduardo Lonardi against Juan Perón
- Argentina in March 1962 against Arturo Frondizi
- Argentina in 1966 by Juan Carlos Onganía against Roberto M. Levingston
- Argentina in 1976 by Jorge Rafael Videla against Isabel Martínez de Perón
- Azerbaijan in 1993 by Heydar Aliyev against Abülfaz Elçibay
- Bangladesh on August 15, 1975 by army officers against Mujibur Rahman
- Bangladesh on March 24, 1982 by Hossain Mohammad Ershad against A. F. M. Ahsanuddin Chowdhury
- Bolivia in 1899 by José Manuel Pando against Severo Fernández Alonso
- Bolivia in 1920 by Bautista Saavedra Mallea against José Gutiérrez Guerra
- Bolivia in 1930 by Carlos Blanco Galindo against Hernando Siles Reyes
- Bolivia in 1934 by José Luis Tejada Sorzano against Daniel Salamanca Urey
- Bolivia in 1936 by David Toro Ruilova against José Luis Tejada Sorzano
- Bolivia in 1937 by Germán Busch Becerra against David Toro Ruilova
- Bolivia in 1943 by Gualberto Villarroel López against Enrique Peñaranda del Castillo
- Bolivia in 1946 by an angry mob, Néstor Guillén, and Tomás Monje against Gualberto Villarroel López
- Bolivia in 1951 by Hugo Ballivián Rojas against Mamerto Urriolagoitia with the support of Urriolagoitia
- Bolivia in 1952 by Víctor Paz Estenssoro and the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement against Hugo Ballivián Rojas
- Bolivia in 1964 by René Barrientos against Víctor Paz Estenssoro
- Bolivia in 1970 by Juan José Torres against Alfredo Ovando Candía
- Bolivia in 1971 by Hugo Banzer against Juan José Torres
- Bolivia in 1980 by Luis García Meza Tejada
- Brazil in 1889 by Deodoro da Fonseca against Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil.
- Brazil in 1964 by Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco against João Goulart
- Bulgaria in 1923 by the Army against Aleksandar Stamboliyski
- Bulgaria in 1934 by Kimon Georgiev against Zveno
- Bulgaria in 1944 by Kimon Georgiev against Konstantin Muraviev
- Burkina Faso in 1983 by Blaise Compaoré against Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo
- Burkina Faso in 1987 by Blaise Compaoré against Thomas Sankara
- Burma on March 1, 1962 by Ne Win against U Nu
- Burma on September 18, 1988 by Saw Maung against Maung Maung Kha
- Burundi in November 1966 by Michel Micombero against Ntare V of Burundi
- Burundi on July 25, 1996 by Pierre Buyoya
- Cambodia in 1970 by Lon Nol against King Norodom Sihanouk
- Cambodia in 1993 by King Norodom Sihanouk against Hun Sen
- Cambodia in 1997 by Hun Sen against Prince Norodom Ranariddh (Norodom Sihamoni became King in 2004)
- Central African Republic in 1966 by Jean-Bédel Bokassa against David Dacko[26]
- Central African Empire in 1979 by David Dacko against Emperor Jean-Bédel Bokassa
- Central African Republic in 1981 by André Kolingba against David Dacko
- Central African Republic in 2003 by François Bozizé
- Chad in 1975 by Noël Milarew Odingar against François Tombalbaye
- Chile on January 23, 1925 by Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and Marmaduke Grove Vallejo against Luis Altamirano Talavera[28]
- Chile on September 11, 1973 by Augusto Pinochet against Salvador Allende[29]
- Ciskei in 1990 by Oupa Gqozo against Lennox Sebe[30]
- Colombia in June 1953 by Gustavo Rojas Pinilla against Laureano Gómez[31]
- Comoros in 1999 by Azali Assoumani against Tadjidine Ben Said Massounde[32]
- Congo-Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo) in 1963 by Alphonse Massemba-Débat against Fulbert Youlou
- Congo-Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo) in 1968 by Marien Ngouabi (People's Republic of the Congo) against Alphonse Massemba-Débat[33]
- Congo-Brazzaville (People's Republic of the Congo) in 1979 by Denis Sassou Nguesso (Republic of the Congo) against Joachim Yhombi-Opango.
- Congo-Léopoldville (Democratic Republic of the Congo) in 1960 by Mobutu (Zaire) against Patrice Lumumba
- Congo-Léopoldville (Zaire) in 1997 by Laurent-Désiré Kabila (Democratic Republic of the Congo) against Mobutu (Kabila was succeeded by his son, Joseph Kabila, in 2001 after a failed coups in which the elder Kabila was assassinated)
- Costa Rica in 1870 by Bruno Carranza Ramírez
- Costa Rica in 1876 by Vicente Herrera Zeledón
- Costa Rica in 1917 by Federico Tinoco Granados
- Côte d'Ivoire in 1999 by Robert Guéï
- Cuba in 1952 by Fulgencio Batista against Carlos Prío Socarrás
- Cuba in 1959 by Fidel Castro against General Fulgencio Batista
- Cyprus in 1974 by Nikos Sampson against Archbishop Makarios III
- Czechoslovakia in 1948 by the Communist Party against non-Communists
- Dahomey in 1963 by Christophe Soglo
- Dahomey in 1972 by Mathieu Kérékou
- Denmark in 1660 by Frederick III of Denmark
- Denmark in 1772 by Juliana Maria of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel and her son Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Denmark and Norway.
- Denmark in 1784 by crownprince Frederick of Denmark.
- Dominican Republic in 1963 under Emilio de los Santos
- Ecuador in 1925 by Luis Telmo Paz y Miño
- Ecuador in 1935 by Federico Páez
- Ecuador in 1963 by Ramón Castro Jijón
- Ecuador in 1972 by Guillermo Rodríguez
- Ecuador in 2000 by Lucio Gutiérrez
- Egypt in 1952 by Gamal Abdel Nasser
- El Salvador in 1931 by Maximiliano Hernández Martínez
- El Salvador in 1948 by Manuel de Jesús Córdova
- El Salvador in 1960
- El Salvador in 1979
- Equatorial Guinea in 1979 by Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo
- Estonia in 1934 by Konstantin Päts
- Ethiopia in 1974 by General Aman Andom and the Dergue against Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia
- Ethiopia in 1991 by General Tesfaye Gebre Kidan and the Dergue against General Mengistu Haile Mariam
- Ethiopia in 1991 by Birhanu Bayeh and the Dergue against General Tesfaye Gebre Kidan
F-J
- Fiji in 1987 by Sitiveni Rabuka
- Fiji in 2000 by George Speight
- Fiji in 2006 by Frank Bainimarama
- France in 1792 by the National Convention against King Louis XVI of France, the French Revolution
- France in 1799 by Napoleon Bonaparte (Napoleon I) and the French Consulate against the French Directory
- France in 1804 by Emperor Napoleon I against the French Consulate
- France in 1815 by Emperor Napoleon I against King Louis XVIII of France
- France in 1830 by Louis-Philippe of France against King Charles X of France
- France in 1848 by Louis-Eugène Cavaignac and Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III) against King Louis-Philippe of France
- France in 1851 by Emperor Napoleon III against Louis-Eugène Cavaignac
- France in 1870 by the French Third Republic against Emperor Napoleon III
- Gambia in 1994 under Yahya Jammeh
- Georgia from 1991 to 1992 by Eduard Shevardnadze against Zviad Gamsakhurdia
- Ghana in 1966 by Joseph Arthur Ankrah against Kwame Nkrumah
- Ghana in 1972 by Ignatius Kutu Acheampong against Kofi Abrefa Busia
- Ghana in 1978 by Fred Akuffo against Ignatius Kutu Acheampong
- Ghana in 1979 by Jerry John Rawlings for Hilla Limann against Fred Akuffo
- Ghana in 1981 by Jerry John Rawlings against Hilla Limann
- Greece in 1967 under Georgios Papadopoulos
- Grenada in 1979 by Maurice Bishop against Eric Gairy
- Grenada in 1983 by Bernard Coard against Maurice Bishop
- Guam in 1898 by José Sisto against Francisco Portusach Martínez
- Guam in 1898 by Venancio Roberto against José Sisto
- Guatemala in 1963 under Enrique Peralta Azurdia
- Guatemala in 1982 under Efraín Ríos Montt
- Guinea in 1984 under Lansana Conté
- Guinea in 2008 by the military after the death of Lansana Conté
- Guinea-Bissau in 1980 under João Bernardo Vieira
- Guinea-Bissau in 1999 under Ansumane Mané
- Guinea-Bissau in 2003 under Veríssimo Correia Seabra
- Haiti in 1946 by Dumarsais Estimé against Élie Lescot
- Haiti in 1950 by Paul Eugène Magloire against Dumarsais Estimé
- Haiti in 1986 by Henri Namphy against Jean-Claude Duvalier
- Haiti in 1988 by Prosper Avril against Henri Namphy
- Haiti on 30 September 1991 by Raoul Cédras against Jean-Bertrand Aristide
- Haiti in February 2004 against Jean-Bertrand Aristide who was replaced by Boniface Alexandre
- Honduras in 1956
- Honduras in 1963 under Oswaldo López Arellano
- Honduras in 1972 under Oswaldo López Arellano
- Honduras in 1975 under Juan Alberto Melgar Castro
- Honduras in 1978 under Policarpo Paz García
- Honduras in 2009 by the army led by General Romeo Vasquez Velasquez against Manuel Zelaya. Opinion is divided as to whether or not it was a coup.
- Kingdom of Hungary in 1944 under Ferenc Szálasi against Regent Miklós Horthy
- Hungary in 1944 under Béla Miklós against Ferenc Szálasi
- Indonesia in 1966 under Suharto
- Iran in 1921 by Reza Shah Pahlavi against Ahmad Shah Qajar
- Iran in 1953 by Mohammad Reza Pahlavi against Mohammed Mossadegh
- Iraq in 1958 by Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i and Abdul Karim Qassim against King Faisal II of Iraq
- Iraq in 1963 by Abdul Salam Arif against Abdul Karim Qassim
- Ireland in 1921 by Irish Republican Army against United Kingdom
- Iraq in 1968 by Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr against Abdul Rahman Arif
- Kingdom of Italy in 1922 by King Victor Emmanuel III and Benito Mussolini against Luigi Facta
- Kingdom of Italy in 1943 by King Victor Emmanuel III and General Pietro Badoglio against fascist dictator Benito Mussolini
K-P
- South Korea in 1961 under Park Chung Hee
- South Korea in 1979 under Chun Doo-hwan
- Kyrgyzstan in 2010 against Kurmanbek Bakiyev
- Laos in 1960 under Kong Le
- Latvia in 1934 under Kārlis Ulmanis
- Lesotho in 1986 by Justin Metsing Lekhanya against Leabua Jonathan
- Liberia in 1980 by Staff Sergeant Samuel K. Doe against President William R. Tolbert, Jr. and the Americo-Liberian elite
- Liberia in 1990 by rebel leader Prince Johnson against President Samuel K. Doe
- Libya in 1969 by Muammar al-Gaddafi against King Idris I of Libya
- Lithuania in 1926 under Antanas Smetona
- Madagascar in 1972 under Gabriel Ramanantsoa
- Madagascar in 2009 by Andry Rajoelina against Marc Ravalomanana
- Mali in 1968 under Moussa Traoré
- Mali in 1991 under Amadou Toumani Touré
- Mauritania in 1978 under Mustafa Ould Salek
- Mauritania in 2005 under Ely Ould Mohamed Vall
- Mauritania in 2008 under Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz
- Mexico in 1876 by Porfirio Díaz against Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada
- Mexico in 1911 by Francisco I. Madero against Porfirio Díaz (and Francisco León de la Barra)
- Mexico in 1913 by Victoriano Huerta (and Pedro Lascuráin) against Francisco I. Madero
- Mexico in 1915 by Venustiano Carranza and others against Victoriano Huerta
- Mexico in 1920 by Adolfo de la Huerta against Venustiano Carranza
- Muscat and Oman in 1970 under Qaboos bin Said
- Nicaragua in 1856 under William Walker
- Nicaragua in 1944 by Anastasio Somoza García for Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa against Leonardo Argüello Barreto
- Niger in 1974 by Seyni Kountché against Hamani Diori
- Niger in 1996 under Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara
- Niger in 2010 against Mamadou Tandja
- Nigeria in 1966 under Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu
- Nigeria in 1983 under Muhammadu Buhari
- Nigeria in 1985 under Ibrahim Babangida
- Panama in 1968 by Omar Torrijos against President Arnulfo Arias Madrid
- Pakistan in 1958 by Field Marshal Ayub Khan against Iskander Mirza
- Pakistan in 1977 by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq against Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
- Pakistan in 1999 by General Pervez Musharraf against Nawaz Sharif
- Paraguay in 1989 under Andrés Rodríguez
- Peru in 1914 under Óscar Benavides
- Peru in 1919 under Augusto B. Leguía y Salcedo
- Peru in 1930 under Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro
- Peru in 1948 under Manuel A. Odría
- Peru in 1962 under Ricardo Pérez Godoy
- Peru in 1968 under Juan Velasco Alvarado
- Peru in 1992 under Alberto Fujimori (dissolved Parliament)
- Poland in 1926 under Józef Piłsudski
- Poland in 1981 under Wojciech Jaruzelski
- Portugal in 1926 under Gomes da Costa
- Portugal in 1974 under António de Spínola
Q-V
- Kingdom of Romania in 1938 by King Carol II of Romania against Corneliu Zelea Codreanu and the Iron Guard
- Kingdom of Romania in 1940 by Ion Antonescu against King Carol II of Romania
- Kingdom of Romania in 1944 by King Michael I of Romania and Constantin Sănătescu against Ion Antonescu
- Kingdom of Romania in 1947 by Petru Groza against King Michael I of Romania
- Principality of Romania in 1866 by the "Monstrous Coalition" of Liberals and Conservatives against prince Alexander John Cuza
- Romania in 1989 by the National Salvation Front against Nicolae Ceauşescu
- Russia in 1917 under the Russian Provisional Government against Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
- Rwanda in 1973 under Juvénal Habyarimana
- São Tomé and Príncipe in 1995 under Manuel Quintas de Almeida
- São Tomé and Príncipe in 2003 under Fernando Pereira
- Seychelles in 1977 by France-Albert René against James Mancham
- Seychelles "counter coups" in 1981 by France-Albert René against mercenary "Mad Mike" Hoare and 43 others
- Sierra Leone in 1967 under David Lansana
- Sierra Leone in 1967 under Andrew Juxon-Smith
- Sierra Leone in 1968 under John Amadu Bangura
- Sierra Leone in 1992 under Valentine Strasser
- Sierra Leone in 1996 under Julius Maada Bio
- Sierra Leone in 1997 under Johnny Paul Koroma
- Solomon Islands in 2000 by the Malaitan Eagle Force
- Somalia in 1969 by Muhammad Siad Barre
- Somalia in 1991 by Ali Mahdi Muhammad against Muhammad Siad Barre
- Spain in 1936 by Francisco Franco against Manuel Azaña
- Sudan in 1958 under Ibrahim Abboud
- Sudan in 1969 under Gaafar al-Nimeiry
- Sudan in 1985 under Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab
- Sudan in 1989 under Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir
- Suriname on 25 February 1980 under Dési Bouterse ousting Prime Minister Henck Arron
- Suriname in 13 August 1980 under Dési Bouterse ousting President Johan Ferrier
- Suriname in 1990 under Dési Bouterse
- Sweden in 1772 by Gustav III of Sweden against the Privy Council of Sweden
- Sweden in 1809 by a number of army officers against king Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden
- Syria in 1966 by Salah Jadid against Amin Hafiz
- Syria in 1970 by Hafez al-Assad against Nureddin al-Atassi
- Thailand in 1932 by Field Marshal Phibunsongkhram, Dr. Pridi Phanomyong, Khuang Abhaiwongse, and Prayoon Phamornmontri (members of the People's Party, Khana Ratsadon) against King Prajadhipok (Rama VII)
- Thailand in 2006 by General Sonthi Boonyaratglin against Thaksin Shinawatra
- Togo in 1963 under Étienne Eyadéma
- Transkei in 1987 under Bantu Holomisa
- Tunisia in 1987 under Zine El Abidine Ben Ali
- Turkey in 1960 under the National Unity Committee headed by Cemal Gürsel
- Turkey in 1971 under four Force Commanders of the Turkish Armed Forces
- Turkey in 1980 under Kenan Evren
- Turkey in 1997 under Chief of the General Staff İsmail Hakkı Karadayı and a member of the Turkish General Staff Çevik Bir
- Uganda in 1966 by Milton Obote against King Mutesa II of Buganda
- Uganda in 1971 by Idi Amin against Milton Obote
- Upper Volta in 1966 under Sangoulé Lamizana
- Upper Volta in 1980 under Saye Zerbo
- Upper Volta in 1982 under Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo
- Upper Volta in 1983 under Thomas Sankara
- Uruguay in 1933 under Gabriel Terra
- Uruguay in 1973 by Juan María Bordaberry against his own government
- Venda in 1990 under Gabriel Ramushwana
- Venezuela in 1948 under Carlos Delgado Chalbaud
- South Vietnam in 1963 under Duong Van
W-Z
- Yemen in 1962 under Abdullah as-Sallal
- Yemen Arab Republic in 1974 under Ibrahim al-Hamadi
- Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1941 by King Peter II of Yugoslavia against Regent Prince Paul of Yugoslavia
- Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1945 by Josip Broz Tito against King Peter II of Yugoslavia
- Zanzibar in 1964 under John Okello
Thursday, 24 February 2011
kosovo
| Kosovo | ||
|---|---|---|
| Kosovo physical map | ||
| Capital (and largest city) | Pristina (Prishtina or Priština) | |
| Ethnic groups (2009) | 88% Albanians 7% Serbs 5% others[1] | |
| Government | disputed | |
| - | UNSG Special Representative | Lamberto Zannier (UN) |
| - | Serb assembly president | Radovan Ničić |
| - | Republic of Kosovo president | Behgjet Pacolli |
| Governing authority | disputed | |
| - | UN administration | 10 June 1999 |
| - | Serb community | February 2003 |
| - | Republic of Kosovo | 17 February 2008 |
| Area | ||
| - | Total | 10,908 km2 4,212 sq mi |
| - | Water (%) | n/a |
| Population | ||
| - | 2007 estimate | 1,804,838[2] |
| - | 1991 census | 1,956,1961 |
| - | Density | 220/km2 500/sq mi |
| GDP (nominal) | 2009 estimate | |
| - | Total | $5.352 billion[3] |
| - | Per capita | $2,965 |
| Currency | Euro (€); Serbian Dinar (EUR; RSD) | |
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | |
| - | Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) |
| Drives on the | right | |
| Calling code | +3812 | |
| 1 | The census is a reconstruction; most of the ethnic Albanian majority boycotted. | |
| 2 | Officially +381; some mobile phone providers use +377 (Monaco) or +386 (Slovenia) instead. | |
| Republic of Kosovo Republika e Kosovës (Albanian) Република Косово (Serbian) Republika Kosovo (Serbian) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
| Anthem: Europe[4] | ||||||
| Location of Kosovo on the European continent | ||||||
| Capital (and largest city) | Pristina (Prishtina, Priština) | |||||
| Official language(s) | Albanian, Serbian | |||||
| Recognised regional languages | Turkish, Gorani, Romani, Bosnian | |||||
| Demonym | Kosovar, Kosovan | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic under international supervision | |||||
| - | President | Behgjet Pacolli | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Hashim Thaçi | ||||
| - | International Civilian Representative | Pieter Feith (EU) | ||||
| Independence1 | from Serbia, UNMIK | |||||
| - | UNSCR 1244 | 10 June 1999 | ||||
| - | Proposal for Status Settlement | 26 March 2007 | ||||
| - | EULEX | 16 February 2008 | ||||
| - | Declared | 17 February 2008 | ||||
Saturday, 14 August 2010
BBC
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is the largest broadcasting organisation in the world. Its global headquarters are located in London and its main responsibility is to provide public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and Isle of Man. The BBC is an autonomous public service broadcaster that operates under a Royal Charter. Within the United Kingdom its work is funded principally by an annual television licence fee, which is charged to all United Kingdom households, companies and organisations using any type of equipment to record and/or receive live television broadcasts; the level of the fee is set annually by the UK Government and agreed by Parliament.
Outside the UK, the BBC World Service has provided services by direct broadcasting and re-transmission contracts by sound radio since the inauguration of the BBC Empire Service in December 1932, and more recently by television and online. Though sharing some of the facilities of the domestic services, particularly for news and current affairs output, the World Service has a separate Managing Director, and its operating costs are funded mainly by direct grants from the UK government. These grants are determined independently of the domestic licence fee.
The Corporation's 'guaranteed' income from the licence fee and the World Service grants are supplemented by profits from commercial operations through a wholly owned subsidiary, BBC Worldwide Ltd. The company's activities include programme- and format-sales, magazines including Radio Times and book publishing. The BBC also earns additional income from selling certain programme-making services through BBC Studios and Post Production Ltd., formerly BBC Resources Ltd, another wholly owned trading subsidiary of the corporation.
History
The BBC was the world's first national broadcasting organisation and was founded on
The British Broadcasting Company Ltd. was created by the British General Post Office (GPO) and John Reith applied for a job with the existing company and later became its General Manager. The company was wound-up and on 1 January 1927 a new non-commercial entity called the British Broadcasting Corporation established under a Royal Charter became successor in interest.
To represent its purpose and values, the Corporation adopted the coat of arms, incorporating the motto "Nation shall speak peace unto Nation". The motto is generally attributed to Montague John Rendall, former headmaster of Winchester College, and member of the first BBC Board of Governors. The motto is said to be a "felicitous adaptation" of Micah 4: 3 "nation shall not lift up a sword against nation".
Experimental television broadcasts were started in 1932 using an electromechanical 30 line system developed by John Logie Baird. Limited regular broadcasts using this system began in 1934, and an expanded service (now named the BBC Television Service) started in 1936, alternating between an improved Baird mechanical 240 line system and the all electronic 405 line Marconi-EMI system. The superiority of the electronic system saw the mechanical system dropped early the following year. Television broadcasting was suspended from
The European Broadcasting Union was formed on
Competition to the BBC was introduced in 1955 with the commercial and independently operated television network ITV. However, the BBC monopoly on radio services would persist into the 1970s. As a result of the Pilkington Committee report of 1962, in which the BBC was praised for the quality and range of its output, and ITV was very heavily criticised for not providing enough quality programming, the decision was taken to award the BBC a second television channel, BBC2, in 1964, renaming the existing service BBC1. BBC2 used the higher resolution 625 line standard which had been standardised across
Starting in 1964 a series of pirate radio stations (starting with Radio Caroline) came on the air, and forced the British government finally to regulate radio services to permit nationally based advertising-financed services. In response the BBC reorganised and renamed their radio channels. The Light Programme was split into Radio 1 offering continuous "Popular" music and Radio 2 more "Easy Listening". The "Third" programme became Radio 3 offering classical music and cultural programming. The Home Service became Radio 4 offering news, and non-musical content such as quiz shows, readings, dramas and plays. As well as the four national channels, a series of local BBC radio stations were established in 1967, including Radio London.
In 1974, the BBC's teletext service, Ceefax, was introduced, created initially to provide subtitling, but developed into a news and information service. In 1978 BBC staff went on strike just before the Christmas of that year, thus blocking out the transmission of both channels and amalgamating all four radio stations into one.
Since the deregulation of the UK television and radio market in the 1980s, the BBC has faced increased competition from the commercial sector (and from the advertiser-funded public service broadcaster Channel 4), especially on satellite television, cable television, and digital television services.
The BBC Research Department has played a major part in the development of broadcasting and recording techniques. In the early days it carried out essential research into acoustics and programme level and noise measurement.[citation needed]
The 2004 Hutton Inquiry and the subsequent Report raised questions about the BBC's journalistic standards and its impartiality. This led to resignations of senior management members at the time including the then Director General, Greg Dyke. In January 2007, the BBC released minutes of the Board meeting which led to Greg Dyke's resignation.
Unlike the other departments of the BBC, BBC World Service is funded by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, more commonly known as the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting the interests of the
On